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The angel problem is a question in game theory proposed by John Horton Conway. The game is commonly referred to as the Angels and Devils game.〔John H. Conway, ''(The angel problem )'', in: Richard Nowakowski (editor) ''Games of No Chance'', volume 29 of MSRI Publications, pages 3–12, 1996.〕 The game is played by two players called the angel and the devil. It is played on an infinite chessboard (or equivalently the points of a 2D lattice). The angel has a power ''k'' (a natural number 1 or higher), specified before the game starts. The board starts empty with the angel at the origin. On each turn, the angel jumps to a different empty square which could be reached by at most ''k'' moves of a chess king, i.e. the distance from the starting square is at most ''k'' in the infinity norm. The devil, on its turn, may add a block on any single square not containing the angel. The angel may leap over blocked squares, but cannot land on them. The devil wins if the angel is unable to move. The angel wins by surviving indefinitely. The angel problem is: can an angel with high enough power win? There must exist a winning strategy for one of the players. If the devil can force a win then it can do so in a finite number of moves. If the devil cannot force a win then there is always an action that the angel can take to avoid losing and a winning strategy for it is always to pick such a move. More abstractly, the "pay-off set" (i.e., the set of all plays in which the angel wins) is a closed set (in the natural topology on the set of all plays), and it is known that such games are determined. Conway offered a reward for a general solution to this problem ($100 for a winning strategy for an angel of sufficiently high power, and $1000 for a proof that the devil can win irrespective of the angel's power). Progress was made first in higher dimensions. In late 2006, the original problem was solved when independent proofs appeared, showing that an angel can win. Bowditch proved that a 4-angel can win〔Brian H. Bowditch, ''The angel game in the plane'', Combin. Probab. Comput. 16(3):345-362, 2007.〕 and Máthé〔András Máthé, ''The angel of power 2 wins'', Combin. Probab. Comput. 16(3):363-374, 2007〕 and Kloster〔O. Kloster, ''A solution to the angel problem.'' Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 389 (2007), no. 1-2, pp. 152–161〕 gave proofs that a 2-angel can win. At this stage, it has not been confirmed by Conway who is to be the recipient of his prize offer, or whether each published and subsequent solution will also earn $100 US. == History == The problem was first published in the 1982 book ''Winning Ways'' by Berlekamp, Conway, and Guy,〔Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, and Richard K. Guy, ''Winning Ways for your mathematical plays, volume 2: Games in Particular'', Academic Press, 1982. 〕 under the name "the angel and the square-eater." In two dimensions, some early partial results included: * If the angel has power 1, the devil has a winning strategy (Conway, 1982). (According to Conway, this result is actually due to Berlekamp). * If the angel never decreases its y coordinate, then the devil has a winning strategy (Conway, 1982). * If the angel always increases its distance from the origin, then the devil has a winning strategy (Conway, 1996). In three dimensions, it was shown that: * If the angel always increases its y coordinate, and the devil can only play in one plane, then the angel has a winning strategy. * If the angel always increases its y coordinate, and the devil can only play in two planes, then the angel has a winning strategy. * The angel has a winning strategy if it has power 13 or more. * If we have an infinite number of devils each playing at distances then the angel can still win if it is of high enough power. (By "playing at distance " we mean the devil is not allowed to play within this distance of the origin). Finally, in 2006, not long after the publication of Peter Winkler's book ''Mathematical Puzzles'', which helped publicize the angel problem, there emerged four independent and almost simultaneous proofs that the angel has a winning strategy in two dimensions. Brian Bowditch's (proof ) works for the 4-angel, while Oddvar Kloster's (proof ) and András Máthé's (proof ) work for the 2-angel. Péter Gács's (proof ) works only for a much larger constant. The proofs by Bowditch and Máthé have been published in ''Combinatorics, Probability and Computing''. The proof by Kloster has been published in ''Theoretical Computer Science''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「angel problem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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